ANTIBIOTICSAntibiotics are powerful medicines that figt bacterial infections. Used properly, antibiotics can save lives. They aither kill bacteria or keep them from reproducing.
your body's natural defenses can usually take it from there. Antibiotics do not fight infections caused by viruses.ara modificar. AMPICILLIN is a penicillin-like antibiotic used to treat certain infections caused by bacteria such as pneumonia; bronchitis; and ear, lung, skin, and urinary tract infections. Antibiotics will not work for colds, flu, or other viral infections. AMOXICILLIN is used to treat many different types of infections caused by bacteria, such as ear infections, bladder infections, pneumonia, gonorrhea, and E. coli or salmonella infection. Amoxicillin is also sometimes used together with another antibiotic called clarithromycin (Biaxin) to treat stomach ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. This combination is sometimes used with a stomach acid reducer called lansoprazole (Prevacid). VANCOMYCIN is an antibiotic used to treat serious bacterial infections. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria. this medication is usually injected into a vein. DICLOXACILIN is a penicillin-like antibiotic used to treat certain infections caused by bacteria such as pneumania and bone, ear, skin, and urinary tract infections. Antibiotics will not work for colds, flu, or other viral infections. Dicloxacillin comes as a capsule and liquid to take by mouth. It is usually taken every 6 hours (four times a day). AMIKACIN This medication is used to prevent or treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. Amikacin belongs to a class of drugs known as aminoglycoside antibiotics. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria. This medication is given by injection into a vein or muscle. It is usually given every 8 hours.uí para modificar.icar. |
ANTIHISTAMINES
A histamine antagonist (commonly called an antihistamine) is a pharmaceutical drug that inhibits the action of histamine by either blocking its attachment to histamine receptors, or inhibiting the enzymatic activity of histidine decarboxylase which catalyzes the transformation of histidine into histamine (atypical antihistaminics). Histamine antagonists are commonly used for the relief of allergies caused by intolerance of proteinsAntihistamines are used to treat rash, hives, watery eyes, runny nose, itching, and sneezing due to allergies or the common cold. They may also be used to treat motion sickness, anxiety, or as a sleep aid (for insomnia).
May be taken with food or milk if stomach upset occurs. Sustained-release or long acting tablets and capsules must be swallowed whole. Chewing or crushing the sustained-release/long acting tablets or capsules will destroy the long action and may increase side effects. For chewable tablets, chew thoroughly and swallow. Shake suspensions well before taking. HYDROXYNE reduces activity in the central nervous system. It also acts as an antihistamine that reduces the natural chemical histamine in the body. Histamine can produce symptoms of sneezing and runny nose, or hives on the skin. Hydroxyzine is used as a sedative to treat anxiety and tension. It is also used together with other medications given for anesthesia. Hydroxyzine may also be used to control nausea and vomiting. Hydroxyzine is also used to treat allergic skin reactions such as hives or contact dermatitis. CARBINOXAMINE This combination medication is used to temporarily relieve symptoms caused by the common cold, flu, allergies, or other breathing illnesses (such as sinusitis, bronchitis). Antihistamines help relieve watery eyes, itchy eyes/nose/throat, runny nose, and sneezing. Decongestants help to relieve stuffy nose and ear congestion symptoms DIPHENHYDRAMINE is used to relieve red, irritated, itchy, watery eyes; sneezing; and runny nose caused by hay fever, allergies, or the common cold. Diphenhydramine is also used to relieve cough caused by minor throat or airway irritation. Diphenhydramine is also used to prevent and treat motion sickness, and to treat insomnia (difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep). Diphenhydramine is also used to control abnormal movements in people who have early stage parkinsonian syndrome (a disorder of the nervous system that causes difficulties with movement, muscle control, and balance) or who are experiencing movement problems as a side effect of a medication. Diphenhydramine will relieve the symptoms of these conditions but will not treat the cause of the symptoms or speed recovery. Diphenhydramine should not be used to cause sleepiness in children. Diphenhydramine is in a class of medications called antihistamines. It works by blocking the action of histamine, a substance in the body that causes allergic symptoms. RANITIDINE is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production. It is commonly used in treatment of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Ranitidine is also used alongside fexofenadine and other antihistamines for the treatment of skin conditions such as hives. Ranitidine is also known to give false positives for methamphetamine on drug tests. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medication needed in a basic health system. LORATADINE (INN) is a second-generation H1 histamine antagonist drug used to treat allergies. In structure, it is closely related to tricyclic antidepressants, such as imipramine, and is distantly related to the atypical antipsychotic quetiapine. It is available as a generic drug and is marketed for its nonsedating properties. In a version named Claritin-D or Clarinase, it is combined with pseudoephedrine, a decongestant; this makes it useful for colds, as well as allergies but adds potential side effects of insomnia, anxiety, and nervousness. |
NSAID (AINES)Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug: any of a class of drugs, including aspirin and ibuprofen, used for reducing inflammation and pain in rheumatic diseases. Possible adverse effects include gastric ulceration.
ASPIRIN Symptomatic treatment of mild to moderate pain states visceral origin not associated with inflammation. Reduction of febrile states. For the symptomatic relief of headache, toothache, sore throat associated with colds, muscle and joint aches, backache, minor pain caused by arthritis. Symptomatic relief of pain and fever caused by the common cold or flu. Dose Aspirin ® should not be taken for more than 3-5 days without consulting a doctor. Adults and children over 12 years: 500-1000 mg as a single dose, to be repeated at intervals of 4-8 hours. Not to exceed a daily dose of 4 grams. Method of administration: For oral use. The tablets should be taken preferably after meals with plenty of fluid. IBUPROFEN : is the generic name of the drug used in medicine such as Motrin and Advil. It belongs to a class of medications called NSAIDs or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory. Works to reduce fever, reduce pain and inflammation. Reducing inflammation at the site of the lesion, so that it is more effective to relieve muscle pain and injury where inflammation is a factor. NAPROXEN: is used to relieve pain, tenderness, inflammation (swelling), and stiffness caused by osteoarthritis. Naproxen without prescription is used to reduce fever and to relieve mild pain headache (headache), muscle aches, arthritis, pain of menstrual periods, the common cold, toothache and pain back. It belongs to a class of medications called NSAIDs. It works by stopping the production of a substance that causes pain, fever and inflammation. DICLOFENAC: Is used to relieve pain, tenderness, swelling, and stiffness caused by osteoarthritis (arthritis caused by a breakdown of the lining of the joints), rheumatoid arthritis (arthritis caused by swelling of the lining of the joints), and ankylosing spondylitis (arthritis that mainly affects the spine). Diclofenac immediate-release (short-acting) tablets are also used to treat painful menstrual periods and pain from other causes. Comes as an immediate-release tablet and liquid-filled capsule and an extended-release (long-acting) tablet to take by mouth. Diclofenac immediate-release tablets and capsules are usually taken two to four times a day. Diclofenac extended-release tablets are usually taken once a day, and in rare cases are taken twice a day. Take diclofenac at around the same time(s) every day. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take diclofenac exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor. PIROXICAM is used to relieve pain, tenderness, swelling, and stiffness caused by osteoarthritis (arthritis caused by a breakdown of the lining of the joints) and rheumatoid arthritis (arthritis caused by swelling of the lining of the joints). Piroxicam is in a class of medications called NSAIDs. It works by stopping the body's production of a substance that causes pain, fever, and inflammation. Piroxicam comes as a capsule to take by mouth. It is usually taken once or twice a day. Take piroxicam at around the same time(s) every day. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take piroxicam exactly as directed. |
OSMOTICS LAXATIVES.Osmotic Laxatives cause excess fluid in the intestines through a slow process that can take several days to increase the volume of stool. Basically osmotic diarrhea faeces convert it easier to expel. Laxatives such can also lead to severe dehydration and electrolyte loss due to water removal as cramps and bloating, due to the accumulation of gases during the waiting period.
LACTULOSE: is a synthetic sugar used to treat constipation. It is broken down in the colon into products that pull water out from the body and into the colon. This water softens stools. Lactulose is also used to reduce the amount of ammonia in the blood of patients with liver disease. It works by drawing ammonia from the blood into the colon where it is removed from the body. Lactulose comes as liquid to take by mouth. It usually is taken once a day for treatment of constipation and three or four times a day for liver disease. Your prescription label tells you how much medicine to take at each dose. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take lactulose exactly as directed. SORBITOL: The sorbitol has a laxative effect. In fact, it is used as a laxative drug, it is expected that one of its side effect is diarrhea. Sorbitol is a sugar alcohol that is sweeter than about 60% sugar. This is used as a sweetener in some products for diabetics, diet drinks, and gums. |
ANALGESIC.An analgesic, or painkiller, is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia — relief from pain.
Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous systems. They are distinct from anesthetics, which reversibly eliminate sensation, and include paracetamol (known in the US as acetaminophen or simply APAP), the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as the salicylates, and opioid drugs such as morphine and oxycodone. TRAMADOL HYDROCHLORIDE is an orally active, centrally acting analgesic with a dual mechanism of action introduced in July 1994. It has been used in post-surgical pain, obstetric pain, and chronic pain of mechanical and neurogenic origin. Analgesic tolerance is not a significant problem, and psychological dependence and euphoric effects are minimal. There are a significant number of patients in the chronic group who develop side-effects, but many of those who tolerate the drug get useful benefit in pain reduction. The most common adverse events (incidence of 1.6 to 6.1%) were nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, sweating, vomiting and dry mouth. Unlike other opioids, tramadol has no clinically relevant effects on respiratory or cardiovascular parameters. Tramadol may prove particularly useful in patients with poor cardiopulmonary function, including the elderly, the obese and smokers, in patients with impaired hepatic or renal function, and in patients in whom nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are not recommended or need to be used with caution. METAMIZOLE (INN), or dipyrone (BAN, USAN), is a ampyrone sulfonate analgesic (pain reliever), antispasmodic (spasm reliever) and antipyretic (fever reducer) similar to paracetamol in that it has minimal anti-inflammatory effects and which is most commonly given orally or parenterally (by injection) to prevent and treat pain related to surgery or for the treatment of acute pain. Its use is usually restricted in developed countries, due to its potential for causing toxic reactions. PARACETAMOL, also known as acetaminophen or APAP, chemically named N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, is a widely used over-the-counter analgesic (pain reliever) and antipyretic (fever reducer). Paracetamol is classified as a mild analgesic. It is commonly used for the relief of headaches and other minor aches and pains and is a major ingredient in numerous cold and flu remedies. In combination with opioid analgesics, paracetamol can also be used in the management of more severe pain such as post-surgical pain and providing palliative care in advanced cancer patients. Though paracetamol is used to treat inflammatory pain, it is not generally classified as an NSAID because it exhibits only weak anti-inflammatory activity. KETOROLAC exhibits anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activity. is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in the family of heterocyclic acetic acid derivatives, used as an analgesic. Ketorolac acts by inhibiting the bodily synthesis of prostaglandins. Ketorolac in its oral (tablet or capsule) and intramuscular (injected) preparations is a racemic mixture of both (S)-(−)-ketorolac, the active isomer, and (R)-(+)-ketorolac. An ophthalmic solution of ketorolac is available and is used to treat eye pain and to relieve the itchiness and burning of seasonal allergies. |
ANTI INFLAMMATORY CORTICOSTEROID.Corticosteroids are a class of chemicals that includes the steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, and synthetic analogues of these hormones. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including stress response, immune response, and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior.ic aquí para modificar.
HYDROCORTISONE (Cortisol) is a steroid hormone, more specifically a glucocorticoid, produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex.It is released in response to stress and a low level of blood glucocorticoid. Its primary functions are to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis, suppress the immune system, and aid with fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolisms. It also decreases bone formation. PREDNISOLONE is a synthetic glucocorticoid, a derivative of cortisol, which is used to treat a variety of inflammatory and auto-immune conditions. It is the active metabolite of the drug prednisone and is used especially in patients with hepatic failure, as these individuals are unable to metabolise prednisone into prednisolone. METHYLPREDNISOLONE is a synthetic glucocorticoid or corticosteroid drug. Like most adrenocortical steroids, methylprednisolone is typically used for its anti-inflammatory effects. However, glucocorticoids have a wide range of effects, including changes to metabolism and immune responses. The list of medical conditions for which methylprednisolone is prescribed is rather long, and is similar to other corticosteroids such as prednisolone. PREDNISONE is a synthetic corticosteroid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant drug. It is used to treat certain inflammatory diseases (such as moderate allergic reactions) and (at higher doses) some types of cancer, but has significant adverse effects. Because it suppresses the immune system, it leaves patients more susceptible to infections. Prednisone has no substantial biological effects until converted via hepatic metabolism to prednisolone. DEXAMENTHASONE is a potent synthetic member of the glucocorticoid class of steroid drugs that has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects. Dexamethasone is used to treat many inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and bronchospasm. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, decreased numbers of platelets due to an immune problem, responds to 40 mg daily for four days; it may be administered in 14-day cycles. It is unclear whether dexamethasone in this condition is significantly better than other glucocorticoids |
ANTI VIRAL.Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections. Like antibiotics for bacteria, specific antivirals are used for specific viruses. Unlike most antibiotics, antiviral drugs do not destroy their target pathogen; instead they inhibit their development.
ACICLOVIR (INN, BAN. Brand names: Cyclovir, Herpex, Acivir, Acivirax, Zovirax, Zoral, Xovir and Imavir), chemical name acycloguanosine, abbreviated as ACV, is a guanosine analogue antiviral drug. It is one of the most commonly used antiviral drugs, that is primarily used for the treatment of herpes simplex virus infections, as well as in the treatment of varicella zoster (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles). LAMIVUDINE/ZIDOVUDINE (INNs, trade name Combivir) is a pharmaceutical treatment for HIV infection. It is a fixed dose combination of two antiretroviral drugs, lamivudine (also called 3TC, with the brand name Epivir) and zidovudine (also called AZT, with the brand name Retrovir). The drug is a part of the class of medicines called Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs). Combining of the two drugs has a stronger and more sustained effect than using either drug alone, and assists in reducing pill burden and in aiding compliance with the antiretroviral drug therapy. ZIDOVUDINE (INN) or azidothymidine (AZT) (also called ZDV) is a nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), a type of antiretroviral drug used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS infection. AZT inhibits the enzyme (reverse transcriptase) that HIV uses to synthesize DNA, thus preventing viral DNA from forming. VALANCICLOVIR (INN) or valacyclovir (USAN) is an antiviral drug used in the management of herpes simplex, herpes zoster (shingles), and herpes B. It is a prodrug, being converted in vivo to aciclovir. It is marketed by GlaxoSmithKline under the trade names Valtrex and Zelitrex. INTERFEONS (IFNs) are proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites or tumor cells. They allow for communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune system that eradicate pathogens or tumors. IFNs belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines. Interferons are named after their ability to "interfere" with viral replication within host cells. IFNs have other functions: they activate immune cells, such as natural killer cells and macrophages; they increase recognition of infection or tumor cells by up-regulating antigen presentation to T lymphocytes; and they increase the ability of uninfected host cells to resist new infection by virus. Certain symptoms, such as aching muscles and fever, are related to the production of IFNs during infection. |
CHEMOTHERAPY DRUGS.Chemotherapy is the use of anticancer drugs to treat cancerous cells. Chemotherapy has been used for many years and is one of the most common treatments for cancer. In most cases, chemotherapy works by interfering with the cancer cell's ability to grow or reproduce. Different groups of drugs work in different ways to fight cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be used alone for some types of cancer or in combination with other treatments such as radiation or surgery. Often, a combination of chemotherapy drugs is used to fight a specific cancer. Certain chemotherapy drugs may be given in a specific order depending on the type of cancer it is being used to treat. clic aquí para modificar.
CARBOPLATIN can cause a severe decrease in the number of blood cells in your bone marrow. This increases the risk that you will develop a serious infection or bleeding. If you experience any of the following symptoms, call your doctor immediately: fever, sore throat, chills, ongoing cough and congestion, or other signs of infection; unusual bleeding or bruising; black and tarry stools; red blood in stools; bloody vomit; vomited material that looks like coffee grounds. Carboplatin may cause severe allergic reactions. CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE is used alone or in combination with other medications to treat Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL, a group of cancers of the immune system that first appear as skin rashes); multiple myeloma (a type of cancer of the bone marrow); and certain types of leukemia, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It is also used to treat retinoblastoma (cancer in the eye), neuroblastoma (a cancer that begins in nerve cells and occurs mainly in children), ovarian cancer (cancer that begins in the female reproductive organs where eggs are formed), and breast cancer. METHOTREXATE injection is used alone or in combination with other medications to treat gestational trophoblastic tumors (a type of tumor that forms inside a woman's uterus while she is pregnant), breast cancer, lung cancer, certain cancers of the head and neck; certain types of leukemia (cancer of the white blood cells), including acute lymphocytic leukemia and meningeal leukemia; certain types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; and osteosarcoma after surgery to remove the tumor. Methotrexate injection is also used to treat severe psoriasis that cannot be controlled by other treatments. Methotrexate injection is also used along with rest, physical therapy and sometimes other medications to treat severe active rheumatoid arthritis that cannot be controlled by certain other medications. Methotrexate treats cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells. VINCRISTINE is used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs to treat certain types of leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Vincristine is also used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs to treat Wilms tumor (a type of kidney cancer that occurs in children), neuroblastoma (a cancer that begins in nerve cells and occurs mainly in children), and rhabdomyosarcoma (cancer that forms in muscles in children). Vincristine is in a class of medications called vinca alkaloids. It works by slowing or stopping the growth of cancer cells in your body. GEMCITABINE is used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs to treat cancer of the ovaries and breast cancer that has not improved or that has worsened after treatment with other medications. Gemcitabine is used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs to treat a type of lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and cannot be treated with surgery. Gemcitabine is also used to treat cancer of the pancreas that has spread to other parts of the body and has not improved or worsened after treatment with another medication. Gemcitabine is in a class of medications called antimetabolites. It works by slowing or stopping the growth of cancer cells in your body. |
INSULIN.Insulin is a peptide hormone, produced by beta cells in the pancreas, and is central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. It causes cells in the skeletal muscles, and fat tissue to absorb glucose from the blood.
Insulin stops the use of fat as an energy source by inhibiting the release of glucagon. Except in the presence of the metabolic disorder diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome, insulin is provided within the body in a constant proportion to remove excess glucose from the blood, which otherwise would be toxic. When blood glucose levels fall below a certain level, the body begins to use stored sugar as an energy source through glycogenolysis, which breaks down the glycogen stored in the liver and muscles into glucose, which can then be utilized as an energy source. When control of insulin levels fails, diabetes mellitus can result. As a consequence, insulin is used medically to treat some forms of diabetes mellitus. Patients with type 1 diabetes depend on external insulin (most commonly injected subcutaneously) for their survival because the hormone is no longer produced internally.[4] Patients with type 2 diabetes are often insulin resistant and, because of such resistance, may suffer from a "relative" insulin deficiency. Some patients with type 2 diabetes may eventually require insulin if dietary modifications or other medications fail to control blood glucose levels adequately. Over 40% of those with Type 2 diabetes require insulin as part of their diabetes management plan. |
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